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   　41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 可是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需求某种常识，即什么样的分子操控着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，咱们没有进行充沛的探究。

　　42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于一切其它法令方式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其首要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法令方式中的这种或那种方式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的偶然相似之处--以致于对它进行研讨便显得不可或缺，以便充沛理解有可能存在的法令现象的悉数规模。

　　43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 尽管从前史视点来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被降服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故乡）的犹太教法之间存在着一个清楚可辨的开裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法令内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的首要典籍编录之一。

　　44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种底子上的分裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的视点，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法令内容进行考察所造成的的成果，而这些法令内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法令的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被降服的土地上非阿拉伯民族学习过来的很多法令要素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。

　　45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 这其间的一个新颖思维就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然结构一个部分的那些不相相关的因基：详细而言，这一思维是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被别离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具有固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研讨日趋深入。

　　46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个极大挖苦：土壤中所能取得的氮肥量往往对植物的成长构成了一个上限，尽管植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

　　47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他们能取得成功，否则的话，绿色革命的产值收益将在很大程度上丢失殆尽，即便豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生联络的基因可被辨识出来和别离开来的话，且即便这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。

　　48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack's categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers, diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主题〔若学习梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类领域的话〕是"人生作为外部现象"，由于读者的注意力被著作那形形色色的事情所涣散，首要是从外部来调查其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；可是，富于悲剧颜色的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是"人生作为心里体会"：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的

　　49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一条成年比目鱼身上明显存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注视的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发作移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均坐落头部的同一旁边面。

　　50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一个关于H的关于为何法令上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代曾经呈现的原因所作解说的批判显示，关于奴隶制和种族成见之间的联络的假说应当从头查看，并且显示出，关于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解说应当被扩展。

       51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 关于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个承认的现实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这些岛屿据信是源于由基层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊体系的物质底子不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊体系的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

　　52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. 可是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的调查为根据，指出地幔并非是分层摆放的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状况，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的恣意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

　　53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. F以为，P在1908年试图开端写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的 伟大著作的真实实质的视而不见的长篇的证明而抛弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌发，使得后者取而代之形成了一部安稳打开的小说。

　　54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各种有意义的联络在一切的层次上，自笼统的理性至深入的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断从头组合摆放；正是这些有意义的联络的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地组织好。

　　55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 可是咱们傍边的那些希望（也算上K自己）K新出书的P1909年信件的全集可以愈加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。

　　56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 现在咱们有必要也依照咱们墨西哥裔的美国人的经向来审视这个文明，咱们的阅历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在终究流浪成为一个被降服的民族--在咱们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。

　　57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's （cDNA's）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科学家可以制作出特异的（specific）互补DNA's（cDNA's），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。假如大脑正在制作着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's.假若细胞所制作的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应依然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA's的脑细胞然后就可以被别离开来，研讨者可对其信使RNA's进行解码，以断定它们的蛋白质产品终究是什么，并断定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真实的肽激素。

　　58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 选用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学办法一起也应该比免疫学的办法速度来得快，由于关于免疫的办法来说，需消耗好几年单调的提纯进程，方能将肽素别离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

　　59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 可是，研讨P年代的研讨者开展除了各式各样的或多或少有些古怪思维的模型体系，用来显示假如由他们来决议地质事情的话他们将会怎么组织冰川纪。

　　60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 这一序列演替（succession）所根据的，首要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事情，而不是根据更为遍及的现代办法，去研讨间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层自身又在冰川沉积物发作间层化（interstatified）。