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分析：本句的主句为“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology concerns thestudyof human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved”;“asit is also called”定语从句，做biological anthropology的定语，关系词为as;“how theyevolved”为how引导的宾语从句，做concern的宾语。

　　7. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions onthe experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists studypast societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools,and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture leftover from former societies. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句主句为“archaeologists study past societies primarily through theirmaterial remains”;“Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base theirconclusions on the experience of living within contemporarycommunities”为whereas引导的让步状语从句;“that constitute what is known as the materialculture left over from former societies”为定语从句，做the buildings, tools, and otherartifacts的定语，关系词为that;“what is known as the material culture left over fromformer societies”为what引导的宾语从句，做constitute的宾语。

　　8. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology',where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but withthe specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture—howthey make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where theydo, and so on. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句主句为“Archaeologists in recent decades have developed‘ethnoarchaeology'”;“where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporarycommunities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies usematerial culture”为定语从句，做‘ethnoarchaeology'的定语，关系词为where;“how such societies usematerial culture”为how引导的宾语从句，做learn的宾语;“how they make their tools and weapons,why they build their settlements where they do”位于破折号后面，解释前文中的“how such societiesuse material culture”, 也是how和why引导的宾语从句;“where they do”为where引导的地点状语从句。

　　9. Heritage studies constitute a developing field, where it is realizedthat the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holdsdifferent meanings for different people. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句的主句为“Heritage studies constitute a developing field”;“where it isrealized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”为定语从句，做adeveloping field的定语，关系词为where;“that the world's cultural heritage is adiminishing resource”为that引导的主语从句，it为形式主语;“which holds different meanings fordifferent people.”为定语从句，做a diminishing resource的定语，关系词为which。

　　10. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with orwithout writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenientdividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no waylessens the importance of the importance of the useful information contained inoral histories. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句较长，主句为“the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenientdividing line”;“which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or withoutwriting”为定语从句，做archaeology的定语，关系词为which;“that recognizes the importance of thewritten word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of theuseful information”也是定语从句，做dividing line的定语，关系词为that;“contained in oralhistories”为过去分词短语作定语，限定useful information。

　　11. Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is ahumanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historicaldiscipline. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句为并列句，由and连接，句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding ofhumankind, it is a humanistic study”和句子“since it deals with the human past, itis a historical discipline.”并列;句子“Since the aim of archaeology is theunderstanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”中主句为“it is a humanisticstudy”, “Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding ofhumankind”为since引导的原因状语从句;句子“since it deals with the human past, it is ahistorical discipline”中主句为“it is a historical discipline”, “since it deals withthe human past”为since引导的原因状语从句。