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雅思写作考试中，因果关系的表达常常难倒许多考生，本文中，辛达雅思代报精选雅思常考论题，将雅思写作中因果关系表达的干货做了翔实收拾，希望对咱们备考雅思有协助。

　　雅思大作文中有一类标题是因果关系类，详细包括三小类：cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。这三小类疑问也可以穿起来，即对于某个topic的cause—effect (即problem) – solution。

　　不管哪种标题，写明因果关系很重要。对于因果关系的表达同学们都很了解，无非是BS(because / so)，并且咱们也必定很明白的知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。例如：

　　ü Because further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, an increasing number of people have degrees.

　　ü Further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, so an increasing number of people have degrees.

　　但是除了BS以外，还有许多其它表明因果关系的表达，详细如下：

　　Because系列(表因素)：

　　1. because of : because后接的是一个句子(主谓宾);because of 后通常直接跟名词。例如：

　　ü Because of the increasing number of machine—and as we noted before, machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine can get a higher wage than anyone not using a machine.

　　2. as / since (除了“因为“外，还有”自从”的意思，运用时要注意防止歧义)

　　ü Hours spent on commuting, traffic jams, and fights for parking should diminish, since workers make fewer journeys or work staggered hours.

　　ü Unfortunately, as the number of people living in the city increases, so do the different problems associated with population growth. (注意此句中的so不表明“所以”，而是“…也…”的意思)

　　3. thanks to(positive situations通常适用于成果好的时分)

　　ü Thanks to new technology, it's easier than ever to work remotely.

　　due to (negative situations通常运用与成果欠好的时分)

　　owing to / attributable to /on account of.

　　ü Due to /… / On account of extreme weather conditions, damage to property occurs.

　　4. 当因素需要的表达较多时，咱们还可以把以上表达改写为因素状语从句，运用thanks to the fact that / due to the fact that /owing to the fact that 或许on the grounds that ,,,

　　ü Will we live longer merely due to the fact that / on the grounds that technology, if implemented properly, will take stress away from our lives

　　5. caused by / result from 也表因素

　　ü Many car accidents were resulted from / caused by a lack of guardrails

　　So系列(表成果)：

　　1. thus/ therefore / thereby / hence

　　thus：表明‘in this/that way’

　　As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas.

　　therefore：表明 ‘for this reason’ /‘because of this or that’

　　ü Therefore, the influence of the peer group is important both for one’s own competence and for the relative evaluation of the process itself, given that one sees oneself in relation to others.

　　thereby: by that means, as a result of that

　　ü In some countries, reduced budgets have led to the elimination of busing systems, thereby increasing the use of cars and the congestion they create.

　　hence: 表明 ‘from this/that’

　　ü Drinking lots of water is healthy and reducing plastic waste is great for the environment. Hence, trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green.

　　2. As a result / As a consequence

　　ü As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter skin, which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.

　　ü As a consequence, environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.

　　3. consequently / accordingly

　　Consequently更侧重因果逻辑;accordingly更侧重后续处理

　　ü Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.

　　ü Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.

　　Cause系列(表成果)：

　　1. cause(v.) 导致

　　ü The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases which causes sanitary landfills to fill up faster.

　　2. lead to / result in导致

　　注意这儿是result in, 后跟成果，前面说到的result from后面跟的是因素。

　　ü The society’s attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.

　　3. bring about: to cause to take place 导致，带来(注意运用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思)

　　ü The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.

　　4. spark off 引起、引爆 ，详细指引起比较严重的后果、抵触等(=trigger / activate)，或指”点着“(=inspire)

　　ü Spark off a series of problems / a chain of events related to…

　　ü They can spark off each other's talents

　　affect系列(影响到)

　　1. Affect / influence

　　ü More likely than not, getting a vehicle from point "A" to point "B" involves combustion of a fossil fuel, a process that emits gasses and affects the environment and the ozone layer.

　　ü People's behavior is influenced by circumstances and events, friends and family, education, job prospects, income, housing and environment.

　　2. impact on 对…产生影响 (impact 通常做名词运用，也可以作为动词)

　　ü Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous growth in information technology, which can impact on our everyday life.

　　3. give rise to 使发作

　　ü The decrease inthe number of bicycles and cars might give rise to anothernew set of problems.

　　名词系列(因果)

　　1. cause (of sth.) / reason 因素

　　ü Obesity can be divided into three main causes – diet, lifestyle and education.

　　ü Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons.

　　2. result (for sth.) / effect 成果

　　ü This is a difficult problem with many serious effects on the individual and country.

　　ü Another result is lack of self-esteem.

　　3. causality 因果关系 (cause and effect) causation 因素

　　ü The correlation between population and housing price does not indicated causality, only the association. 这儿的causality也可以换成： causal effect (因果效应)

　　ü Such a causality-driven, prevention-focused approach to homicide and other serious crime would revolutionize our conception of criminal justice, moving from the imposition of “just deserts” to the enlightened pursuit of a less violent society.

　　4. impact/ influence 影响

　　ü This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your life

　　ü Friends have a big influence on the way that we use social media—from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.

　　形容词系列(因果)表明因果的形容词不是很常用，运用时多和factor, element 联系

　　1. causal 因素的，因果的

　　ü Low income and elderly are among the potential causal factors of prevalence of obesity among adults.

　　2. consequential 成果的，随之发作的

　　ü Measures other than ratings will prove more consequential.

　　3. influential 影响的，有影响力的(大多数情况下运用第二个意思)

　　Family is the most influential factor on happiness.

　　假如可以准确无误的运用以上因果关系表达，就完成了二段修炼。