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恩，制药公司声称已经以折扣价出售疫苗，换句话说，减价出售。
Yes, they do. GlaxoSmithKline says that around 80% of all their vaccines, including the one mentioned by Malpani, are provided to developing countries at a substantial discount.And the company adds that the pneumococcal vaccine is one of the most complex they’ve ever manufactured because it combines 10 vaccines in one.
葛兰素史克说，他们生产的疫苗中80% 都以相当大的折扣卖给了发展中国家，包括迈尔潘尼提及的那支疫苗。公司还补充道肺炎球菌疫苗是他们生产的最为复杂的疫苗，因为要将十种疫苗合成一种。
Yes. On one hand, vaccines take many years of research and these companies want to make a profit,which means to sell the product for more than it costs to make it.
一方面，疫苗研究花费很多年，而且公司需要盈利，也就意味着售价要高于成本价。
But on the other hand, the lack of vaccines can kill people and it’s really very sad to see people dying of diseases which can be prevented. Some vaccines may be very affordable for a person in a rich country…
但是另一方面，很多人因缺少疫苗而死亡，看到人们死于可以预防的疾病，实在是令人痛心。在发达国家，一些疫苗每个人都付得起。
… but they might cost a fortune to someone in a poor country.
但是在贫困国家，人们要花大价钱才能买到疫苗。
This is a very complex problem and I’m sure we will talk about this again in the future. But now, let’s go back to the quiz question, Neil.
这是一个很复杂的问题。之后我们会再次谈及这个话题。现在，让我们回到之前的问题。
You asked about the first vaccine developed in a laboratory…
你说在实验室中研制的第一支疫苗…
Yes, I did. The first laboratory-developed vaccine was produced in 1879. It was a vaccine for the animal disease called chicken cholera.I wanted to know the name of the scientist who developed it. Was it Alexander Fleming, Albert Sabin or Louis Pasteur?
是的。1879年人们在实验室成功研制第一支疫苗。这只疫苗可以抵抗一种动物疫病，叫做鸡霍乱。问题是哪位科学家成功研制了这支疫苗？是亚历山大·弗莱明？阿尔伯特·沙宾？还是路易·巴斯德？
And I said (b) Albert Sabin.
我选的是(b)阿尔伯特·沙宾。
And you were wrong! The correct answer is (C) Louis Pasteur, who was a French microbiologist.Now, Neil, the option you chose, the American scientist Albert Sabin, in fact developed an oral vaccine against polio in the 1950s – still very useful.And Alexander Fleming from Scotland did indeed discover penicillin, as you said.
很抱歉，你答错了。正确答案是(C) 路易·巴斯德，他是一位法国微生物学家。你选择的阿尔伯特·沙宾是一位美国科学家，他在二十世纪五十年代发明了预防小儿麻痹的口服疫苗，现在仍十分有效。苏格兰的亚历山大·弗莱明，如你所说，发明了青霉素。
Well, that is interesting and I’m a bit disappointed that I got it wrong actually.
很有意思的问题。老实说，答错了有点失望。
Okay. Well, that’s it for this programme. Now let’s remember some of the words we used today, Neil. 
好了，今天的节目就到这，我们再回忆一下今天提及的单词。
to immunise
使免疫
Charity
慈善组织
Transparency
透明度
out of proportion
不成比例
to verify
核实
Discount
折扣
to make a profit
盈利，赚钱

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