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       在应试型(雅思或新托福等)议论文写作中，一般遵循introduction- body-conclusion(导言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”。Body(主体)阶段供给了证明观念的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)有必要“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant， fully extended and well supported ideas”。这儿的“fully extended / well supported”，有必要经过主体段来表现。新托福的满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications， and/or details”，相同有必要经过主体阶段开展来完结。

　　一般来说，一篇议论文有必要包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都有必要有清晰的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支撑句“supporting sentences”。他们一起组成文章的理由段，对全文的观点供给理由支撑。初学者在操练议论文写作时，有必要遵循理由段开展的几个简略准则，这对敏捷完结理由段、构建连接和理由充分的议论文大有协助。这几个简略准则包含：

　　1. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written， revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.

　　(每个主体段都有必要有一个清晰的主题句)

　　2. Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.

　　(支撑句有必要环绕主题句打开)

　　依据第2条的准则，咱们来看看下面这个主体段：

　　Hobbies are important for many reasons. First， a hobby can be educational. For example， if the hobby is stamp collecting， the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second， engaging in a hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to the school. Third， a person‘s free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally， some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.

　　这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many reasons”，之后的支撑句从三方面论述hobby的重要性(first， second， third)，但段中这句话“A person can also meet other people by going the school”与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因而削弱了整个阶段的连接性与统一性，应该被去掉。

       3. Add details. To write a more fully developed paragraph， you need to add details to your supporting ideas. Your details can be facts， examples， personal experiences， or descriptions.

　　(需要用多种方法供给细节打开阶段)

　　依据第3条的准则，咱们来看下面这个阶段：

　　The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons. The Smithsonian Institution comprises various museums that offer something for everyone. These museums include the National Museum of History and Technology， the National Aeronautics and Space Museum， the National Collection of Fine Arts， the National Museum of Natural History， and several others. A person can do more than just look at the exhibits. For example， in the insect zoo at the National Museum of Natural History， anyone who so desires can handle some of the exhibits. The museums provide unforgettable experiences. In climbing through the Skylab exhibit at the National Aeronautics and Space Museum， I was able to imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut in space. Movies shown at regular intervals aid in building an appreciation of our world. In the National Aeronautics and Space Museum， there is a theater that has a large screen. When the movie is shown， it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the movie itself， either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang gliding over cliffs.