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       51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 关于地幔分层观念来说，最好的根据乃这样一个供认的现实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊体系的物质底子不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊体系的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

　　52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. 可是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的调查为根据，指出地幔并非是分层摆放的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状况，自下而上浸透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的恣意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改动。

　　53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. F以为，P在1908年企图开端写一部小说，又为了写一部批评S-B的 巨大著作的真实实质的视若无睹的长篇的证明而扔掉了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌发，使得后者取而代之构成了一部安稳打开的小说。

　　54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各种有意义的联络在一切的层次上，自笼统的理性至深入的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断从头组合摆放;正是这些有意义的联络的丰富性和杂乱性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地组织好。

　　55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 可是咱们傍边的那些期望(也算上K自己)K新出书的P1909年信件的全集能够愈加详细的记录下这一进程的人都大失人望。

　　56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 现在咱们有必要也依照咱们墨西哥裔的美国人的经向来审视这个文明，咱们的阅历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在终究流浪成为一个被降服的民族——在咱们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。

　　57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's (cDNA's)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科学家能够制作出特异的(specific)互补DNA's(cDNA's)，以此作为分子探子(molecular probe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's(mRNA's)。假如大脑正在制作着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's.假若细胞所制作的产品相似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应依然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA's的脑细胞然后就能够被别离开来，研讨者可对其信使RNA's进行解码，以断定它们的蛋白质产品终究是什么，并断定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上相似于真实的肽激素。

　　58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 选用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学办法一起也应该比免疫学的办法速度来得快，因为关于免疫的办法来说，需消耗好几年单调的提纯进程，方能将肽素别离了出来，然后再培育出针对它们的抗血清。

　　59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 可是，研讨P时代的研讨者开展除了各种各样的或多或少有些古怪思维的模型体系，用来显现假如由他们来决定地质事情的话他们将会如何组织冰川纪。

　　60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 这一序列演替(succession)所根据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事情，而不是根据更为遍及的现代办法，去研讨间冰层(interglacial bed)中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发作间层化(interstatified)。

       61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. 人们企图对这些忌讳作出解说，所根据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需求满意的人与那些并置身于某一身体需求之满意的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地饥不择食失之间的不相称的社会关系。

　　62. Many critics of Family Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 研讨艾米丽。勃朗特(Emily Bronte)小说《呼啸山庄》(Wuthering Heights)的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种比照物，即便没有将榜首部分予以逆转的话，也是在对榜首部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说榜首部分中，一种"浪漫的"的读解能取得更为充沛的确证。

　　63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts. 诚然，这些要素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的认识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种认识相比拟;然则，任何力求将小说一切五花八门的要素一致起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:咱们都一致、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.

　　64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger)，but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. 这倒不是因为这样的一种解说必定会呆板成为一个出题(虽然对这部或任何一部小说的解说中，呆板呆板总是一种风险)，而是因为《呼啸山庄》具有一些极难驾驭的要素，以其无可辩驳的力度，终究回绝被囿于一个包括无遗的解说中。

　　65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. 铅的同位素构成经常在一种一般铜矿石来历与另一种铜矿石来历之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差;而开始的研讨标明，关于来自独自一个铜矿石来历的铅来说，其同位素构成简直是毫无二致的。

　　66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 更有可能的是鸟类运送：或者是经过外部途径，即因为种籽偶尔粘附在羽毛上;或者是经过内部办法，即因为鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽分泌出来。

　　67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . 一个关于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的前史的长久以来的观念，以为英国在1763年曾经关于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，并且以为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的改动——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——发生了终究导致美国革命的严重气氛。

　　68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 现在尚不知这种相似稀疏到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构遍及地在某种程度上相似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种相似就被视作极有说服力的根据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

　　69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. 即便是对这一干流研讨模型的"激进"批评，比方《割裂的社会》(Divided Society)一书中所提出的那种批评，亦将少数民族同化问题过火机构地与经济和社会移动性的要素联络起来，因而无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文明从属关系。

　　70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected. 它们被称为"虚粒子"(virtual particle)，以便与实粒子(real particle)区别开来，而实粒子则不会以这种办法遭到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。

　　71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women's oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir's conclusion, that change in women's economic condition , though insufficient by itself , "remains the basic factor " in improving women's situation , was particularly unacceptable . 揭露对妇女压榨的存在的供认关于50时代的美国而言有些过火激进，并且B的定论，即妇女经济状况的改动，经管它本身不是一个充沛的要素，可是"依然是提高妇女地位的底子要素"的观念，尤其无法令人接受。

　　72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth's rocky mantle by the Earth's collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth's iron fell to its core. 其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，因为地球与另一个庞大的天体发作磕碰，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而构成的。 Rip:扯开;拨去;在本文是扯开的意思。

　　73. However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 可是，进来的学术研讨激烈的显现那些看来最为明确的请教徒的前期新英格兰文明的一些方面，比方激烈的宗教导向和集体认识，就整体而言却不是新英格兰的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只限制与马萨诸赛和康涅狄格两个州。

　　74. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern- acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. 因而，那些与(北方)清教殖民地构成鲜明比照、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特别南边颜色的特征——占有欲、对政治和法令的浓厚兴趣、以及培育大都市文明形式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展示出来的文明形式更具有典型的英国颜色，并且简直毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它前期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。

　　75. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. 一些描绘，关于他从小就记得的北卡罗来纳州的M县的人民、关于他在H的日子里的爵士乐手和公寓的房顶、关于匹兹堡的钢铁工人的描绘和他的假借古代B国对古希腊神话得宠俗，都体现了这一点。In the guise of :"假借、在……的幌子下，伪装".

　　76. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. 浮游动物体内一种极特别的进食适应性改动是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物(appendicularian)的那种适应性改动，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小(或更小)的黏液球囊内，配备有过滤器，用以捕捉和会集浮游植物。

　　77. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. 可是，这些史学家还不曾充沛地剖析同一时期中那些详细的女权主义思维和活动的开展。

　　78. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. 明显，大多数的巨星能够失掉足够多的物质以至于在燃尽其核燃料曾经他们的质量下降到关键值1.4M以下。难在：sufficient ……that…… = so much (many ) …… that……

　　79. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. 即便是武装部队是在一种趋向工作对等的制度变迁的习尚中运作的时分，并且即便部队是在联邦政府的同工同酬的束缚下运转的时分，状况依然是这样。

　　80. An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon's smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. 一个能够把活性外表的碎片射入地球穿插轨迹的磕碰发作的可能性乃至小于这种事情在月亮上发作的可能性，考虑到月亮更小的尺度及其与地球挨近的程度。

       81. Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently. 可是，咱们现已发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的"惯例"并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥，乃至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状况(donor-specific unresponsiveness)，在此状况中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如皮肤，会永久地被接受。

　　82. As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. 当岩石界面被穿过的时分，震波所遇到的弹性性质通常会发作突然的改动，这就使得一部分能量被反射回地上，在地上反射回来的波被震波纪录仪记录下来。

　　83. While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. 数据资料已被计算出来，或被从头计算出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《讨援衰女》实践上确真实《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》(后两者现在则变成了"原始"的剧作)之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种鬼魂似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被发掘出来，并证明，比方说，《讨援衰女》是作者藉以打败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部身后出书之作，从而将创造时代再度置于极度的紊乱之中. 注：best:打败,=defeat, overcome, outdo

　　84. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 一个社会所创造出来藉以使其本身生生不息、长久不衰的办法得以构成发生，以保存在这个社会看来具有实质意义的文明遗产的各个方面。

　　85. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. 传统上，风媒传粉被看成是这样的繁殖进程：其特征就是由一些随即事情的发作，在这些随机事情里，风的反复无常被很多的发生花粉所补偿，以至于新种子的终究发生被确保了，其价值是发生远远多于实践使用量的花粉。

　　86. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. 因为花粉粒在其长距离的运送进程中所要面对的潜在风险是巨大的，按上述观念来看，由风授粉的植物补偿了经过偶发事情而随同构成的花粉损失。其途径是，制作出大于昆虫授粉的植物品种所发生的花粉量的一至三个数量级的花粉量。

　　87. For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. 例如，带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状组织，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，关于气流形式的构成与发生殊为重要，而这些气流形式在松球的体现回旋扭转上升，从而把在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞苞传达至下一个鳞苞。

　　88. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry". FE,却猜测妇女们将被从家庭的"社会、法令和经济压榨"中解放出来，仅仅经过使得征召"整个女人阶级进入公共的工业中去"成为可能的技能前进的办法做到的。

　　89. It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women's work." 十九世纪八十时代，发生了新的一类"没前途"的工作，这并不是因为办公室技能发作了改动，而是因为秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的司理们的一种习见练习——与行政工作的别离。自此以后，这类"没前途"的工作便被视作是"女人的工作。"

　　90. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外工作的人数不断添加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女空闲时刻的添加并无多大联络，更多地是与妇女本身的经济需求和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的独身女工的总量减缩，而在此之前的许多景象中，独身女人则是雇主们所愿雇佣的仅有-一类妇女。 The pool of 假如后边跟着一群人，则表示劳动力资源

　　91. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 请考虑:假如文中说这句话的条件是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者说上面的这句话有什么意图。解说：本句虽然貌不惊人，但本书已然将其录入进来，并标出难度5，就意味着其中有怪异之处。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把操控种群密度的要素分为两种，一种叫做density-dependent factors(这里简称d-d要素)，另一种叫做dentsity-independent factors(简称d-I要素)。原文的直译虽然好懂，可是总令人感觉说得不甚了解。明显，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能随意说一句无关痛痒的话，那么没有任何种群能够在一切的时刻全被d-I要素所操控，其真实意思是什么呢?就是：一切种群都必定在某个时刻内遭到d-d要素的操控。本句是ETS在考试中惯用的正话反说的典型比如，请读者深重领会。本句在文章中也是了解作者情绪的关键所在。

　　92. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. 为了能了解生态学家们所从事的研讨的性质，咱们能够把那些效果于增加参数的密度依靠效应视作生态学家们力求将其别离并予以解说的"信号"，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减;而与此一起，那些密度独立效应起到的效果则构成了种群动态改动中的"噪音".

　　93. But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois' famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 但该剧有关黑人自负可与人类联合相交融这一杂乱观念，一点点都不比杜波伊斯(Du Bois)的抱负或法侬(Fanon)的着重来得更为"对立"：杜波伊斯提出的闻名的、深思熟虑的抱负是，民族的自觉能够和人类大同共存;法侬则对抱负的国际主义进行了着重，而这一抱负的国际主义相同也能兼容民族身份与人物。

　　94. In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun? 在以下哪一个选项中，文章的作者加强了她对相似这样的关于《》做出的反响的批评呢?

　　95. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. 作为二十世纪前期"前进派"史学家(如Beard和Becker)等人某些观念的继承者，这些近期的史学家所提出的观念值得咱们予以点评。

　　96. Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. 虽然存在这些模糊领域，但咱们不应该决然宣称，在各个易于辨认出的阶级之间所存在的敌对情绪就无法被合理地调查到。

　　97. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. 可是，有些史学家着重在殖民者之间曾呈现过一种遍及的一致意见。这些史学家假如不认识到各种对立的存在，就无法充沛地了解这种一致意见，而一切那些对立只有在被战胜或限制之后才有可能取得那种一致意见。 It 指代：general consensus

　　98. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War? 从文章中能够揣度出来，作者最有可能赞同以下哪一个关于在美国革命战争中的社会经济各阶级及其对叛党和保王党的支撑的陈述?

　　99. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 她期望扔掉传统的办法和像芭蕾舞这样现已建立的舞蹈言语，而期望探究人类体现力的内在源泉。

　　100. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 虽然有可能从实践制作的产品和服务中可推知制作商和服务业以为他们的顾客所需求的是什么，但只有对由实践顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研讨，方能供给一幅准确的图像，藉以阐明"什么样的人"需求什么样的东西。