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       01. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那种性别比例能在最大程度上添加一个个别所能具有的子孙数量，并因而能在最大程度上添加所传递到子孙身上去的基因复制品的数量。

　　02. (This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . (这是一种)照亮实际的愿望，此愿望历来就不会冒失的替代后边的那种愿望，后者是咱们可以将其部分的了解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并详细的记载下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的愿望。

　　03. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 哈代的缺点一方面缘起于他的某种显着的无能，无法操控好那结不尽相同的创造激动的络绎来往;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培育和保持那些富于生机生机和风险性强的创造激动。

　　04. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创造《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)时有关其创造目的的这番发人深思的陈说，迄今停止一向为文学评论家们所疏忽，由于它杰出反映了她许多文学爱好中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对"诗性"小说家(poetic novelist)所构成的传统见地大相径庭。所谓的"诗性"小说家，所注重的是审视想入非非和白日梦境的诸般情况，并致力于寻找个别认识的通幽曲径。

　　05. As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ." 就像她在《致一般读者》一书中所表达的那样，"尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法令被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是由于乔叟说了什么或许写了什么;可是，当咱们读它的书的时分，咱们身上每一个毛孔都充满了品德"

　　06. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 跟着迸发出来的运动的完毕，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于简略遭到进犯的情况，直到乳酸经过有氧推陈出新，被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新组成糖原 .

　　07. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 尽管古特曼供认，由于奴隶生意而构成的被逼离散甚为频频，但他仍是证明，奴隶的偏心——在那些奴隶生意并不频频的种植园上被最为明显地提醒出来——在很大程度上侧重于安稳的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

　　08. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的安稳有助于包含民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文明遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在保持文明遗产方面也起着至关重要的效果，而关于这种文明遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的阅历中予以丰厚发展。

　　09. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼标明，这种关于外部通婚的偏心很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规则，尽管这些规则在一个和另一个部落集体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联婚(union with close kin)的禁止。

　　10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. 该社会学家的出题当被应用于针对美国黑人的轻视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族成见所下的界说——即"以种族为根底的、针对某个集体的消级的先入之见，而该集体在任何特定的种族竞赛区域则被遍及认作一种族"——可被了解成相同也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族集体的敌视情绪。

　　11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. 相似于这些现已被在神经细胞中证明的在巨细、形状、化学进程、发作的速度、振奋阈值及其相似的方面上所发作变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体会以可能的方法联系起来的时分，他们在重要性上依然是微乎其微的。

　　12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits . 有可能经过其他方法来证明神经元品种间的纤细的结构差异;可是，这样的依据是缺乏的，即神经激动的性质或许情况是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

　　13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点历来都没有在严厉的意义上被反对过，可是以上教条通常被扔掉掉，而转向相反的观念，即：神经激动从根本上实质相同，并且被当作"一种一般流"在整个神经体系中传达。

　　14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 尽管其他试验显现在神经细胞的巨细、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，可是就心思-神经的联系而言，这些感官区域互相之间的显着的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注视。

　　15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 尽管某些试验标明，跟着一个物体变得了解起来，其心里再现图画亦更具全体感，辨认进程相应地更趋于平行，但依据的砝码似乎在支持序列假定(serial hypothesis)，至少是关于那些不甚简略、不甚了解的物体来说.

　　16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的原因，史学家近年来汇聚了许多的留意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个前史时期的位置。 Focus A on B;

　　17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society . 假如咱们先研讨一下为什么古人会说到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊关于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达查询的前史现实——真实的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了关于妇女在其社会中的操控的预期成果供给一种"品德教训".

　　18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 因而，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述景象可能会令其惊惶不已，即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描绘，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也仅仅一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

　　19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理学家恐惧于那些准确无误的论据不无道理，由于某种只要在它是准确无误的条件下才令人相信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假定稍有变化，便会失掉它一部的效果;而与此相反，一个尽管并不准确无误但却令人相信的论据，在其根本假定(underlying assumption)略微受干扰的情况下，依然有可能是站得住脚的。

　　20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 起先，蓝袜女们确实仿照了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，跟着她们取得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女人集体，并具有了一种妇女联合认识，而这种认识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，由于她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而互相孤立阻隔开来。

   　21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 跟着我的研讨不断深化，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功用相似性形象愈来愈深化，而对结构上的差异形象益发冷漠，尽管这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的距离。

　　22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 尽管小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非认识形状的方法对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事首要地当作认识形状的工具来讨论，会在相当程度上阻止小说事业。

　　23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic? 这究竟是一种缺点呢，仍是这些作者想要依照一种异乎寻常的美学体系进行创造，抑或是在企图创立一种异乎寻常的美学体系?

　　24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 不仅如此，有些黑人小说(比方JT的甘蔗)的风格接近与体现主义和超实际主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题供给了一个调和的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人留意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为天然主义的体现手法所表达的主题。

　　25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 《黑人小说》查询了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此进程中让咱们留意到了某些引人入胜但却不为人知的著作，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊(James Weldon Johnson)的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》(Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man)。

　　26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 尽管这些分子答应可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就聚集于此——不受阻挠地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength)，亦即从地球外表辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission)，这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的原因就会被重新输送回太空。

　　27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的效果，不是规则人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种约束强加于人类——即在任何文明的典型景象中都会"天然表露"的情感、思维、以及行动方法。

　　28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的"人类行为细节"相对"人类所受约束"之间的差异，从人类形状的视点上供给了一个合适的类比?

　　29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 在存在许多食草动物的一起却只要少数的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。

　　30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 可能这样一个现实，那就是许多这样的开端的研讨仅仅考虑了那些可以用网捞起来的巨细的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物(而这些浮游生物咱们现在知道是捕食者首要的食物)的做法，导致了在接下来的研讨中关于捕食者的效果的贬低。

　　31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研讨，对天然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估量，其手法是经过测量出试验室内单独的浮游动物品种的捕食速率，然后使用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地情况下的群落捕食速率。

　　32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏日，哈尼记载了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，关于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

　　33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循环(hydrologic cycle)，作为该学科中的一个首要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环进程，开端时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形状，由此而沿着地层外表散布或进入地层外表，终究经过蒸腾和发出效果再度回复到大气水蒸气的形状。

　　34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只要当一个体系具有天然的或人工构成的鸿沟来把鸿沟中的水与水文循环联系起来的时分，才有可能把整个的体系恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。

　　35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著作道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一向在继续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远区域(internal frontier)的关闭而更趋加重——亦便是说，美国农业体系进一步扩展所必需的可资使用的新土地几近耗竭。

　　36. In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 二十世纪五十年代前期，研讨前工业化年代欧洲(此处咱们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，初次以众多的人数(杨鹏的书中：第一次以许多的数据)，开端查询前工业化年代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及当地上的达官高贵，而正是这部分人一向到那时停止遍及充满于史学著作。

　　37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家使用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史(case history)来，阐清楚不同社会集体的情绪(这些情绪包含，但并非局限于，对违法和法令的情绪)，并提醒出当局是如何执行审判的。

　　38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 从文章中可以揣度出来，一个期望比较十五世纪曾经一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的违法率与别的一个十年中的违法率的前史学家将会被以下那种信息的进步所最好的协助?

　　39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 我的观点是，其著作的中心认识——它将阶层和性别作为人们日子的决定性影响而作出的深邃了解——在很大程度上学习了那个前期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就整体而言还没有取得大多数当代文学评论家的足够注重。

　　40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即便是这样的要求，即从这些资料中加工出来的生物资料应该对受移植者的安排无害，也可以经过从研讨安排培育对生物资料的反应而来的，或从研讨短期移植而来的技能来满意。

   　41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 可是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需求某种常识，即什么样的分子操控着细胞互相间的结合——而对这一领域，咱们没有进行充分的探究。

　　42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于一切其它法令方式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其首要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法令方式中的这种或那种方式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的偶然相似之处——以致于对它进行研讨便显得不可或缺，以便充分了解有可能存在的法令现象的悉数规模。

　　43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 尽管从前史视点来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora，即以色列被降服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故乡)的犹太教法之间存在着一个清楚可辨的开裂，然则，《旧约全书》(Old Testament)后半部分中法令内容的精力与《犹太教法典》(Talmud)极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的首要典籍编录之一。

　　44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arab paganism)的一种根本上的分裂;伊斯兰法是从宗教的视点，对各种乱七八糟、绝无共同点的法令内容进行查询所造成的的成果，而这些法令内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法令的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被降服的土地上非阿拉伯民族学习过来的很多法令要素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。

　　45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 这其间的一个新颖思维就是，在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物天然结构一个部分的那些不相相关的因基：详细而言，这一思维是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，假使这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物适宜充任那些具有固氮效果的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研讨日趋深化。

　　46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述景象真可谓是天然界的一个极大挖苦：土壤中所能取得的氮肥量往往对植物的成长构成了一个上限，尽管植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

　　47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他们能取得成功，否则的话，绿色革命的产值收益将在很大程度上丢失殆尽，即便豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生联系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即便这些基因综合体(gene complex)，一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。

　　48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack's categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers, diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主题〔若学习梅纳德。迈克(Maynard Mack)的两个分类领域的话〕是"人生作为外部景象"，由于读者的留意力被著作那五花八门的事情所分散，首要是从外部来查询其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的;可是，富于悲惨剧颜色的《伊利亚特》所体现的则是"人生作为心里体会"：读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心灵发作共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜欢的主人公。 (从分号后的句子推理出前面的意思)注：hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的

　　49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一条成年比目鱼身上明显存在的许多不对称(asymmetry)特征中，最为吸人注视的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发作移动，因而在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均坐落头部的同一侧面。

　　50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一个关于H的关于为何法令上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代曾经呈现的原因所作解说的批判显现，关于奴隶制和种族成见之间的联系的假说应当重新查看，并且显现出，关于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解说应当被扩展。