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       英国大文豪莎士比亚在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里写过这么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.(言以简练为贵。)写文章也好，说话也好，都要求生动活泼，简单明了，因而，“简练”乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。

　　文章要做到简练，省掉法(Ellipsis)是必用的。

　　英语语句中的某些成分因上下文已供给了充沛明晰的信息而不用呈现，或前面已呈现的某些成分，为了防止不用要的重复，能够不再呈现而不致引起误解或歧义，这种言语现象就叫作省掉。例如：Glad to see you. 这是个简单句，主语I和谓语am能够省掉。再如：London is on the Themes，and Paris on the Seine. 这是一个并排复合句，后半句省掉了谓语动词is，由于前面已经呈现过，后边不用重复。英译汉时，为了使译文明晰达意，契合汉语习气，要在正确理解原文的基础上，对原文中省掉的部分或保存或补全，或对其进行灵活处理。

　　有人将英语语句中的省掉现象概括为21种，本章只触及在英语阅览中常遇到的比较复杂的省掉现象。

　　1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing，as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right，it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.

　　第一层：The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定 editing，宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句

　　sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.

　　第二层：(状语从句)as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right，状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2

　　第三层：(状语从句1)even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语

　　(状语从句2)as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主

　　关键 本句中as引导原因状语从句，其间该句还带有一个由even if引导的退让状语从句；介词短语between words of similar sounds润饰difference，such as write and right润饰words，as well as……为平等比较状语从句，其间省掉了与主句相同的部分。intelligent：有智慧的；理解力强的。

　　译文 译稿需求一定量的编辑作业，由于，即便计算机能够差异同音异义词，如 write和right，它仍不可能把这项作业做得像有思维才能的秘书那样好。

　　2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle，how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space？

　　第一层：If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 状语从句 gth of the needle，how often 状 can 谓 it 主 be expected 谓 to fall on a line 宾 and 连 how often 状 into a blank space？状

　　第二层：(状语从句)If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 状 on a sheet of paper 状 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定语从句

　　第三层：(定语从句)whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 状 equal 表 to the length of the needle 宾

　　关键 这是复合句。在if引导的状语从句中，ruled with lines 是过去分词，作paper 的定语，whose……needle 是 lines 的定语从句，whose distance apart 的意思是“它们之间的距离”。主句中and 后边是个省掉句，省去了 can it be expected to fall.翻译时可将英文的被动语态译成汉语的自动语态。length：长度。rule paper with lines：在纸上划平行线。

　　译文 假如把一根针随机地投到一张纸上，纸上画了许多平行线，它们之间的距离等于针的长度，那么针落在线上的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？

　　3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind，is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing，and if he is fortunate and keeps alive，he will be forever in love.

　　关键 本句是由and衔接在一起的并排句。前一个分句的骨干是All……is……to tell the story…… - to sing. all后边有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个that从句润饰all，第二个that指代其前的that从句，翻译时可表条件。to sing放在破折号之后，用以加强语气，这以后可视为省掉了宾语the story of his love，to tell和to sing是并排联系。

　　译文 一个人应该说的或做的，只需联系到人类，那么都是以这样或那样的方式来讲述甚至歌颂自己的爱的故事；并且，假如他是走运的、有生机的，他将永远是充溢爱的。

　　4. As families move away from their stable community，their friends of many years，their extended family relationships，the informal flow of information is cut off，and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

　　关键 本句位并排句，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并排平行结构their ……，their……，their…… 在and后的分句中， the confidence 省掉了is cut off，it指的是信息被堵截的状况。

　　译文 跟着家庭成员与他们安稳的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属联系相别离，非正式的信息途径被堵截了，而那种在需求时就能得到实在可靠信息的决心也丢掉了。

       5. And by the help of further reasoning，which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism，you arrive at your final determination，I will not have that apple.

　　关键 这是复合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination.by the help of …… 是介词短语作状语，which引导的定语从句润饰reasoning.if drawn out 是省掉句，用作表明条件的状语从句，完好的语句是if the reasoning can be drawn out.翻译时选用次序法，定语从句选用分句法。syllogism：三段论；演绎推理。

　　译文 借助于进一步的推理，这种推理假如加以引申，还可表现为其他两三种演绎推理，你便会做出最终决议：“我不吃那个苹果了。”

　　6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person，even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see，as on the telephone.

　　关键 这是复合句。主句中 it是方式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person.在状语从句中as是连词，意思是“正如…相同”，as 后边省去了we have conversations.翻译时选用逆序法，把even though引导的退让状语从句放到句首。unnerving：使人手足无措；使人失掉自傲。

　　译文 即便咱们习气了像打相同在相互看不见的状况下说话，这种看不见或触摸不到对方的说话也会使人感到很不自在。

　　7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.

　　关键 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，润饰astronomical body.介词except引起的短语作状语。在介词短语like our own后边省掉了planet.revolving为现在分词短语作定语，润饰our own planet.翻译时根据汉语习气，将状语提早译出。

　　译文 事实上，除了像地球这样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外，咱们不知道是否在其他类型的天体上也有合适生命存在的条件。

　　8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.

　　关键 这是主从复合句。其主句的谓语动词是had less to do with…… than……，意为“首要与…有关，而不是与…有关”，由于语句结构比较明晰，省掉了语句的并排部分，如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and (with)an increase in leisure time省掉了with；在……than it did with their own economic necessity and ( it did )with high marriage rates省掉了it did.句中that引导的定语从句润饰high marriage rates.翻译时选用融合法，把重要的部分放在句首。

　　译文 20世纪已婚女性走出家门参加作业人数的添加首要是由于她们自己的经济需求，还与高成婚率使可参加作业的单身女工人数削减有关，而与家务机械化、妇女闲暇时刻增多联系不大。

　　9. The European Union is an imperfect creature，with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.

　　关键 这是简单句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是独立主格结构，作状语。由于与前一部分结构相同，语句后一部分省掉了(with)some (of its actions based)on poor ones括号中的词。翻译时选用次序法，对省掉部分也要进行相应省掉，以使语句表达简练。

　　译文 欧盟是不完善的组织，它的一些行动是根据正确的政治经济准则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。

　　10. To Americans，being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.

　　关键 这是复合句，that引导宾语从句，其间capable and willing to make choices能够被看作宾语从句中的并排表语(其前省掉了is)。翻译时选用次序法。

　　译文 对美国人而言，依托自己的力气就是指这个人作为整体的一部分是彻底独立并能起作用的，他有才能也情愿做出挑选。