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       英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置，而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。两者的不同，不仅体现在结构上，也体现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、成果、意图或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因而，在对语法结构、上下文逻辑联系深刻理解的前提下，为了更明确地标明这种逻辑联系，可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。一起值得注意的是，定语从句与中心词之间常有切割成分，而该切割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词，常常会被误以为定语从句的中心词。

　　因而，遇到这种结构，必定要依据上下文和知识进行判别。翻译定语从句时可选用提早译、次序译、分译或转译等多种办法。

　　1. As far as the third factor is concerned，the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation；in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down，as happened in cosmology，for example.

　　第一层： As far as the third factor is concerned ，状语从句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定语从句 ful resistance to further investigation ； in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down，as 状语从句2 happened in cosmology，for example.

　　第二层： (状语从句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系 concerned 表语

　　(定语从句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation

　　(状语从句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down， 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定语从句

　　第三层： (定语从句) as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology，状 for example. 插入语

　　关键 本句由两个分句构成，以分号衔接。第一个分句的骨干为the history of science shows many instances，in which引导的定语从句润饰instances，such ……as ……表成果，后接不定式；在第二个分句中，before 引出时刻状语从句：before this resistance was eventually broken down；代词as在此是联系代词，引出定语从句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：反抗(力)；阻力。cosmology：世界论，世界哲学。

　　译文 至于第三个要素，科学史中有许多案例标明，威望的力量起到这样一种效果：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极端牢固的妨碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时刻才能终究打破这道妨碍。例如，在世界学中就发作过这样的事。

　　2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

　　第一层： Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

　　第二层： (宾语从句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句

　　for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾

　　第三层： (定语从句) who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定语从句

　　propriate responses

　　第四层： (定语从句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句

　　第五层： (定语从句) which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定 responses

　　关键 依据上下文的逻辑联系可以看出，本句中suggest的词义不是propose，而是bring an idea into the mind，所以翻译为…的观念是。who引导的定语从句润饰child，依据上下文的语义联系，翻译成条件句；where引导的定语从句润饰 environment，用合译法译出；which引导的从句润饰stimuli，用分译法进行翻译。appropriate：合适的，相等的。

　　译文 行为主义者的观念是，假如一个儿童在有许多刺激要素的环境里长大，而这些刺激要素可以开发其相应的反映才能，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力开展。

       3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.

　　关键 本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。主句的谓语动词suggest可接动名词作宾语。而宾语中的transform一词常用在transform sth. from …… into……结构中，译为“把…从…转变为…”。句中两个in which别离润饰其先行词industrialism，翻译时宜选用前置法。两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason为potentialities一词的同位语。

　　译文 我主张把咱们的社会制度从以最大极限的出产和最大极限的消费为意图的官僚主义办理下的工业体系转变为一个充沛发挥人的潜能——即爱和沉着的潜能——为其全部社会工作之意图的人道主义工业体系。

　　4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions，who criticized，on whose judgment he could rely， who presented an intelligent point of view，regardless of their rank or viewpoint.

　　关键 本句中who……，who……，on whose……，who……四个定语从句并排，一起润饰中心词people。

　　译文 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批判定见的人、做出可靠判别的人以及能提出明智观念的人，而不问他们的等级和观念。

　　5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever， tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising， which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling， so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.

　　关键 此句结构比较复杂，但主句很简略，主语为use，谓语为is made.主句正常语序为tremendous use of statistics is made to……， to measure……作意图状语，resulting from……为现在分词短语作difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语从句，润饰allocation to advertising.so that引导一个成果状语从句。plus为介词，意为“加上”。soap war 为“番笕广告大战”。

　　译文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever两家企业之间的“番笕大战”中，两边就很多使用了统计学知识来丈量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异，这一项在前的出产成本中占较大部分，所以他们把出产成本看作是出产费用与广告费用之和。

　　6. Smart cards，which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe，are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.

　　关键 本句为简略复合句。句架为Smart cards， which ……， are already widely used in European countries where……。which为联系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，润饰smart cards；where 为联系副词，引导定语从句，润饰countries.nationwide：全国范围内的。roll out：本意为“打开(卷起之物)”，此处为引申义，指打开工作。

　　译文 智能卡载有的信息量是一般磁卡信息载量的80多倍，已经在欧洲各国广泛使用，因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围打开新式的服务。

　　7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　关键 本句含有一个主语从句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一个定语从句with which it is interpreted.定语从句中it 指代prediction，该定语从句润饰the skill and wisdom.在翻译时主语从句用分译法，定语从句用合译法。validate：使有用；使有充沛依据。

　　译文 猜测在多大程度上为后来的体现所证明，这取决于所选用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，还取决于用来解释猜测的技巧和才智。

　　8. Thus，to rectify the positions taken previously，where we contented ourselves with condemnations，in my delegation's opinion，we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which，after all，serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.

　　关键 本句含有三个定语从句where……condemnations，which would come to grips ……和which，after all， serve only to compel……。第二个定语从句译成同位结构；第三个定语从句同上下文有显着的因果联系，译成“由于…”。overall：自始至终；总的，全面的。

　　译文 因而，咱们代表团以为，要纠正咱们曩昔采纳的仅仅满足于进行斥责的那种态度，咱们有必要寻求一个全面的处理办法，既能处理本质方面的问题，又能处理应对外表的问题，由于仅处理外表问题究竟只能迫使咱们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。

　　9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.

　　关键 本句中有两个由which引导的定语从句：第一个定语从句的先行词是science，而不是chemistry；第二个定语从句的先行词是chemical change，而不是result或matter.

　　译文 咱们可以说，化学是论说物质化学变化的科学，经过化学变化可能取得新的物质。

　　10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty，when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge，to receive with wonder anything you can catch！

　　关键 本句由一个主句(Time goes fast)、两个定语从句(who……和you can catch)和一个状语从句(when……)组成。you can catch前省掉了that.依照先发作的工作先叙说以及条件在先成果在后的汉语习惯，翻译时应选用逆序法。

　　译文 对一个有美感，能以好奇心接纳你所能抓到的任何东西的人来说，时刻总是过得很快，比方当戏水池里有几个可爱的孩子，池边还有一位如黛安娜似的年青女子时。