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好的,我会把那留给皮特?戈弗雷?史密斯来解释。他是一名科学哲学家以及《他心:章鱼,海洋,意识的深层起源》的作者。他是我们八触手朋友——章鱼的大粉丝。在BBC广播4频道的节目《一周伊始》中,他说人类和章鱼有共同的祖先。这是科学领域的一个术语,指的是从一种生物进化而来的物种。就像远亲。他说这个共同的祖先生活在多久以前?
We got the octopus as a very special evolutionary product. It’s an animal that’s removed from us by a lot of evolutionary distance. The common ancestor that we share with an octopus lived about 600 million years ago or actually even a bit longer than that. But it has a large nervous system in a range comparable to vertebrates.
我们觉得章鱼是一种非常特别的进化产物。它是一种进化距离和我们很远的生物。我们和章鱼的共同祖先生活在大约6亿年前或者实际上比那更久远。但是它有一套庞大的神经系统,在很大程度上和脊椎动物相似。
So our common ancestor lived about 600 million years ago or maybe a little bit longer than that.
所以我们共同的祖先生活在大约6亿年以前,或者是比那更久远。
And he says that the octopus has a nervous system that is comparable to vertebrates. Comparable means ’similar to’, ’like’.And vertebrates is the term for the group of animals that have a spine or backbone. We humans are examples of vertebrates.
而且他说章鱼的神经系统和脊椎动物相似。Comparable指的是“相似”,“像”。而且脊椎动物是有脊椎或者脊骨的动物的术语。我们人类就是脊椎动物的例子。
So what Godfrey-Smith is saying is that the squishy octopus has a nervous system which has some similarities to our own.In that it’s quite large.
所以戈弗雷·史密斯说的是黏糊糊的章鱼有和我们相似的神经系统。因而它的神经系统相当庞大。
And a large nervous system is a sign of intelligence. He goes on to talk a bit more about how we might be able to relate to the octopus. He talks about the protean nature of its body. Protean is an adjective which means ’adaptable or changeable’. And the octopus’s body is certainly that. Why might that be a problem for us?
而且庞大的神经系统是智慧的象征。他会继续谈到更多关于我们如何和章鱼有所关联的内容。他谈到了章鱼千变万化的身体特征。Protean是一个形容词,指的是“随机应变的或者变化无常的”。而且章鱼的身体确实是那样的。为什么对我们来说那或许是个问题?
The sensory world of an octopus has, in some way it’s recognisable. They’re very visual animals, they’re very taste-oriented animals and those things make sense to us. But the absence of hard parts, the protean nature of the body and the sort of extent of the sensitivity makes it a hard thing to think about.
章鱼所拥有的感官世界在某种程度上来说是可识别的。他们是非常视觉性的动物,是非常重视味觉的动物。而且那些对我们来说很有意义。但是没有脊椎,千变万化的身体特征以及敏感性让人很难想象它是聪明的。
This is interesting, isn’t it? So the octopus uses its senses of vision and taste, like we do, and this is something we can recognise. But what is tricky for us is that its form is so completely different from ours. The octopus isn’t a vertebrate, so it can change its form and its shape very easily.
这很有趣,不是吗?所以章鱼使用它的视觉和味觉,就像我们一样,而且这是我们承认的。但是对我们来说棘手的是它的形态和我们如此不同。章鱼不是脊椎动物,所以它可以非常容易地改变自己的形态和形状。
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