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       一、复合句的种类

　　英语的复合句一般分为三大类型：名词性从句、描绘词性从句和副词性从句。

　　(一)名词性从句

　　在整个复合句中起名词作用，充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的各种从句，总称为名词性从句。名词性从句首要有以下几种：

　　1. that引导的从句e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. (据报道，三分之一的广州市民方案购买私家车。)

　　2. whether/if引导的从句e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy.(广州是否禁摩托车成了有争议的论题。)

　　3. how/why/when/where引导的从句e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia. (本文将评论为什么这么多白领失眠的原因。)

　　4. who/whom/whose/what/which引导的从句e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.(谁对环境恶化担任还不清楚。)

　　(二)描绘词性从句

　　具有描绘词功用，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为描绘词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被称为先行词。描绘词性从句分为两种类型：

　　(1)由联络代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. (激烈对立克隆人的人们认为这样做不品德和不合品德)

　　(2)由联络副词when, where, why引导的从句。例如: I would like to analyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted to gambling.(我将分析为什么越来越多的青少年沉迷于赌博的原因。)

　　(三)副词性从句

　　副词性从句也称为状语从句，首要用来修饰主句或许主句的谓语。大致分为九大类，分别标明时刻、地址、原因、意图、成果、条件、让步、比较和方法。  

       (1)时刻状语从句e.g. When everyone is fully aware of the severity of fresh water scarcity and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively.(当每个人充沛意识到淡水缺少的严重性，并采纳有效措施，我信任咱们一定能妥善解决好这个问题。)

　　(2)地址状语从句e.g. Where there is smoke, there is fire.(无风不起浪)(3)原因状语从句e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.(应该制止养殖宠物，由于它们可能会传达疾病和有损市容。)

　　(4)意图状语从句e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. (应当鼓舞白叟到敬老院居住，这样他们能够享受到专业的照顾和一流的设备。)

　　(5)成果状语从句e.g. Some government officials fail to recognize the potential hazards of improper waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating.(一些政府官员未能认识到废物处理不当带来的潜在损害，因而一些城市的环境不断恶化。)

　　(6)条件状语从句e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a huge landfill site sooner or later.(假如咱们持续无视广州日益增多的废物，有可能不久的将来广州将成为巨大的废物填埋场。)

　　(7)让步状语从句e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I still feel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.(尽管我供认吸烟有副作用，我仍然觉得公共场所禁烟是荒诞的。)

　　(8)比较状语从句e.g. Red is two times as much as Blue.(红色是蓝色的两倍。)

　　(9)方法状语从句e.g. Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weaker species.(正如咱们维护弱者相同，咱们也应该维护弱势物种的福利。)

　　二、怎么高效运用复合句写好导言段

　　Well begun is half done是大家耳熟能详的英语谚语。也就是说，一个美丽的最初，往往是文章写作成功的一半。尤其在雅思和新托福写作考试中，好的最初往往能够在瞬间招引考官眼球，留下杰出的第一印象。那么，咱们怎样才干写美丽的导言段呢?首要，咱们要做到开宗明义，明确写作论题和意图。怎么才干做到开宗明义?咱们能够选用以下几种方法：1.选用统计数字引出论题，把问题呈现在读者面前;2.提出有争议性的问题，激起读者爱好，使其积极参与评论;3.以新颖的观点，招引读者注意力;4.呈现该论题正反方的观点;5.引证名人名言、谚语等作为文章的最初;6.对将要评论的论题进行界说。

其次，要长于运用复合句，从而使导言段简洁明了，开宗明义。下面咱们将评论雅思与新托福各种体裁和体裁文章导言段的写作方法。

　　引证数据呈现评论的论题，说明问题的严重性或许重要性，引起读者的关注。下面咱们结合几道雅思和新托福作文论题进行实战演练。

　　咱们在写关于体罚的论题文章时，能够这样最初：It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father’ Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.(据报道，在父亲节那天，珠海有个小男孩被老爸揍死了。充沛的依据也显现，常常遭爸爸妈妈或教师虐待的小孩往往比较内向、失望、冷酷乃至厌世。近来，关于是否应该废除体罚呈现了一场激烈的争辩，教师、家长和专家各不相谋。)

　　而咱们在写关于该不该禁烟的论题时，能够这样最初：A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in the spotlight. (中山大学最近做的一个研讨标明，在曩昔五年里，吸烟者人数急剧上升。研讨成果一起显现，吸烟导致的疾病发病率也急剧增加。因而，禁烟成了个热点论题。)