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       1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓联系（自动）。如：

　　The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.

　　姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

　　Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 假如时刻答应的话，咱们明天去郊游。

　　John being away, Harry had to do the work.

　　因为约翰不在，哈里就得做这个作业。

　　Miss Yang being our English teacher, we'll have a happy time this term.

　　杨小姐当咱们的英语老师，本学期咱们将会很愉快。

　　He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.

　　他一动不动地坐在他们面前，穿戴一套一般的、不合身的西服，他满面尘埃，让人看不出他的年龄。

　　2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾联系（被迫）。如：

　　The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.

　　跟着问题的解决，质量现已提高了。

　　Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.

　　因为眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

　　She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.

　　她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。

　　3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓联系，可表将来，着重一次具体性的动作。如：

　　He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.

　　借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

　　They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.

　　他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。

　　Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.这是头两卷，第三卷下个月出版。

　　So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.

　　有如此多的人来协助他，他一定会成功的。

　　A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.

　　许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。

　　4. 名词/主格代词+形容词（形容词（短语）阐明前面名词或代词的性质或状况）。如：

　　An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.

　　那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。

　　So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.

　　这么多人缺席，会议不得不撤销。

　　She appeared in front of us, her face bright with joy.

　　她出现在咱们面前，脸上闪耀着快活的神色。

　　He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.

　　他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

　　The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.

　　因为地板又湿又滑，咱们呆在屋外。

　　5. 名词/主格代词+副词（副词也多是阐明前面名词或代词的状况）。如：

　　He put on his sweater wrong side out.

　　他把毛衣穿反了。

　　The meeting over, they all went home.

　　会议一完毕，他们就都回家了。

       6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：

　　The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.

　　那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

　　Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.

　　玛丽接近火炉坐着，背对着门。

　　Peter lay down in an old box, his rifle beside him.

　　彼得躺在一只旧箱子里，他的步枪放在身边。

　　The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.

　　战士们端着枪冲了进来。

　　He was waiting, his eyes on her back.

　　他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

　　7. There being +名词（代词）。如：

　　There being nothing else to do, we went home.

　　没有其他事可做，咱们就回家了。

　　There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.

　　没有再要评论的事了，我宣布闭会。

　　8. It being +名词（代词）。如：

　　It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.

　　因为圣诞节的原因，政府机关都歇息。

　　It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.

　　因为今天是假日，一切商铺都关门了。

　　9. 名词/代词+名词。 如：

　　He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.

　　他和狼搏斗着，唯一的兵器是一根棍棒。