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      1. 关于“False”和“Not Given”的解说 (An Explanation of “False” and “Not Given”)

　　Students generally find this type of exercise rather difficult. One reason is that they are used to doing true and false exercises where the false covers false and not given. Then when they come to do true, false or not given, they cannot make the distinction between the three different types of contradiction and not given. It is therefore important that students are able to understand what false means in true, false and not given. There are three types of contradictions:

　　学生一般发现这种题型很难。其间的原因之一是这些学生习惯于做true和false标题，其间的false涵盖了false和not given两种状况。所以当学生在做true, false和 not given的标题时他们无法区分三个不同品种的敌对敌对状况和”not given”的区别。因而，学生要了解”false”的含义。总共有三种敌对敌对状况：

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text.

　　出题与原文内容敌对(相反)。

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text, because they are negative.

　　出题与原文敌对(相反)，由于出题否定原文内容。

　　statements where the information is not the opposite or negative, but the information in the statement contradicts that given in the text.

　　出题信息既不敌对(相反)也不否定，可是和原文内容敌对。

　　Look at the examples below relating to the text and exercises:

　　Example 1

　　原文：Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.

　　标题：Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.

　　剖析：由于原文中的核心内容是“at least 74 miles per hour”，而标题中是“up to 74 miles per hour”。因而，这就是False的第一种状况：出题与原文内容敌对(相反)。

　　Example 2

　　原文：As forecasting improved communities were no longer surprised by hurricanes and could take measures to evacuate ahead of the storm. While destruction still continues, the number of deaths in hurricanes has dropped significantly.

　　标题：The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased due to improvements in forecasting.

　　剖析：原文的核心内容是“While destruction still continues”，而标题中的内容是“The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased”。因而，这就是False的第二种状况：出题否定原文内容。

　　Example 3

　　原文：In 1609, a fleet of ships carrying settlers from England to Virginia USA was struck by a hurricane. Some of the ships were damaged and part of the fleet grounded on Bermuda, an isolated nation in the Atlantic. These passengers became the first people to live on Bermuda.

　　标题：The first people to live on Bermuda were settlers who chose to live there as alternative to England.

　　剖析：经过原文和标题比较咱们发现：没有显着的敌对和否定的词汇呈现。而是经过句式结构的变换产生了标题和文章信息的敌对。因而，这就是False的第三种状况。

　　那么，not given是怎么判别呢?咱们再来看一个比如：

　　Example 4

　　原文：The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.

　　标题：The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.

　　剖析：虽然标题和原文中有对应的词呈现：The Mayans和major settlements，可是标题中的因果关系在文章中并没有表现。也没于呈现有关“lost”的相应表述。因而咱们能够判别此题为not given。

　　2. What is the keyword? 什么是关键词

　　Select ONE keyword from each of the following:

　　从以下的语句中划出一个关键词：

　　Networking is not a modern idea.

　　People fall into two basic categories.

　　All teachers are cynics.

　　The first piece of Hesse’s art has little effect on visitors to the gallery.

　　The New Forest has already been made into a National Park.

       Suggested answers:

　　参考答案：

　　not

　　two

　　all

　　little or perhaps first

　　already

　　The suggested answers I’ve given may not seem that obvious to the students who would possibly consider keywords such as 'modern' or 'New Forest' as more significant. However, the keywords shown have a greater significance in terms of the meaning of the whole statement and illustrate a number of traps in the test. For instance:

　　我所给出的参考答案又有可能对学生来说不是那么显着。学生有可能以为比如”modern”或”New Forest” 这一类关键词更重要一些。可是，依据整个标题的含义来说，参考答案所给出的关键词更加重要，而且表现了考试出题的圈套。请看以下比如的剖析:

　　'not' makes the statement negative as opposed to possibly being positive in the text

　　'two' determines a specific number of categories which may differ in the text.

　　'all' determines that every teacher is a cynic and not a proportion of.

　　'little' has a negative connotation as opposed to 'a little' another one to watch out for is 'few' and 'a few'

　　'already' shows that the New Forest was made into a National Park in the past and is not a future proposal i.e. an indication of past, present or future time.

　　These examples hence illustrate the importance of looking out for: negativity, a specific number, the whole or a proportion of, positive and negative connotation and reference to time. Other ones to watch out for include:

　　这些比如搜索以下关键词的重要性：否定词，具体的数字，限制规模的词，具有必定或否定含义的词和时刻指示词。其他的需求搜索的关键词包含：

　　l Modals e.g. words like must, should, have to (varying degrees of obligation or certainty)

　　神态动词(表明不同程度的义务和确定性)

　　l Adverbs of frequency e.g. sometimes, always

　　频率副词，如sometimes, always

　　l Words such as most, some, all

　　比如most, some, all等限制词

　　3. 同义变换才能 (Paraphrasing Ability)

　　A paraphrase is a restatement of a paragraph, sentence, or word.

　　咱们经过对一道TRUE/YES考题的剖析来把握同义变换才能。

　　EXAMPLE

　　The original sentence (文章原句):

　　“Until recently, criminologists could not afford to analyze DNA evidence for all homicide cases.”

　　An effective paraphrase of this sentence(标题中的同义变换):

　　“Crime labs now can use DNA for all murder cases.”

　　NOTE: This paraphrase utilizes synonyms to replace key words. Some are very close (DNA vs. DNA evidence and homicide vs. murder), while others take more liberties (criminologists vs. crime labs and could not vs. now can). The essential meaning has been retained, however, despite these significant changes.

       经过上述的剖析，朗阁海外考试研究中心总结出以下四种近义词变换技巧：

　　◆ replace a Phrase with a Word (or a Word with a Phrase) 单词词组变换

　　Until recently变换成了now，criminologists变换成了Crime labs

　　◆ Start the Sentence Differently 句型结构变换

　　原句采用了Until recently……criminologists could not的结构, 而在标题中的运用了Crime labs now can……的结构

　　◆ Replace a Word with a Synonym 近义词变换

　　近义词变换包含了词汇变换的内容，但更重视的是关于单词自身的替换。

　　上面比如中最显着的近义词替换就是homicide和murder。另外analyze和use的替换也属于这种状况。

　　◆ Change Passive into Active Voice/Negative Slant to Positive 自动被迫变换/ 否定必定变换

　　这种变换方法和句型结构的变换有类似的当地，但更重视表达方法的了解。如”until recently……could not afford to analyze……” 变换成了”……now can use……”