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       定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语，其效果是润饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于描述词，所以又称为描述词性从句。一般定语从句皆置于它所润饰的名词或代词之后，被润饰的名词或代词叫做先行词(antecedent)，而引导定语从句的词称为关联词。

　　关联词常有3个效果：衔接效果，引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中担任一个成分。关联词为联系代词和联系副词。联系代词在定语从句中能够用作主语、宾语、定语等;联系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。如：

　　★ One factor which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their cultural identity.(which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely是联系代词which引导的定语从句，用以润饰which的先行词factor, which在从句顶用作主语)

　　★ And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.(where new projects seem warranted是联系副词where引导的定语从句，用以润饰where的先行词regions, where在从句顶用作地址状语)

　　定语从句一般紧跟在其先行词之后。如：

　　★ Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.(联系代词that引导的定语从句紧跟其先行词artificial irrigation systems之后)

　　有时也能够与先行词别离。如：

　　★ A new teacher will come tomorrow, who will teach you Chinese.(联系代词who引导的定语从句与其先行词teacher别离)

　　用作关联词的联系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生们肯定没有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定语从句顶用作主语(在非正式英语中也能够用作宾语，而且用作宾语时能够省去不必);whom是宾格，在定语从句顶用作宾语(也能够省去不必);whose是属格，在定语从句顶用作定语(有时也能够指物)。如：

　　★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格联系代词who在从句中作主语)

　　★ The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英语中who代替了whom,也能够省去不必)

　　★ He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(宾格联系代词whom在从句顶用作宾语，也能够省去不必)

　　★ The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(属格联系代词whose在定语从句顶用作定语，指人)

　　★ The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.(属格联系代词whose在定语从句顶用作定语，指物，即car，能够用of which代替，但后者较为正式)

　　That在定语从句中既能够用作主语，也能够用作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);既能够指人，也能够指物。如：

　　★ These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.(联系代词that在定语从句顶用作主语，指物)

　　★ Put another way, basic heath-care is now recognized as a ‘public good', rather than a ‘private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself.(联系代词that在定语从句顶用作宾语，指物)

　　★ The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.(联系代词that在定语从句顶用作主语，指人)

　　which在定语从句中既能够用作主语，也能够用作宾语;一般皆指物(在非正式文体中可省去)。如：

　　★ Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.(联系代词which在定语从句顶用作主语)

　　★ Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.(联系代词which在定语从句顶用作宾语，能够省去)

　　which在从句中也能够被用作定语和表语。如：

　　★ His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(联系代词which在定语从句顶用作定语)

　　★ They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(联系代词which在定语从句顶用作表语)

　　联系代词在从句顶用作介词宾语时，介词能够坐落从句之首，也能够坐落从句之末。但以坐落从句之首较为正式。如：

　　★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(联系代词which在定语从句顶用作介词in的宾语，介词坐落定语从句之首，即which之前)

　　★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介词in坐落定语从句之首，which在此能够省去)

　　像during, except或许表明切割效果的of等介词一般放在联系代词的前面。如：

　　★ The years during which he was away were long years to her.

　　★ He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.

  联系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：

　　★ The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(联系代词who用作介词to的宾语，介词to须坐落定语从句之末，who在白话中能够省去)

　　★ This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(联系代词that用作介词about的宾语，介词about须坐落定语从句之末)

　　有时定语从句中还有其他成分，介词则坐落定语从句之中。如：

　　This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.

　　先行词指人时，联系代词既能够用who, 也能够用that。但联系代词在定语从句顶用作主语时，多用主格who。如：

　　★ Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.(persons, those, people等先行词多用联系代词who)

　　★ It is Tom who should be punished.(在着重结构中，指人时多用who)

　　★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

　　在下列状况中多用that, 而不必who或许which。如：

　　★ much (许多)

　　little (很少)

　　none (没有任何)

　　everything (任何事情) +先行词 +that

　　everybody (任何人)

　　nothing (没有任何)

　　nobody (没有人)

　　E.g. There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.

　　★ 先行词前面有最高级描述词润饰时

　　He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard.

　　This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

　　★ 先行词有以下代词或许有下列代词润饰时

　　the first

　　the last

　　the only

　　the same +先行词 +that

　　the very

　　all

　　any

　　no

　　every

　　E.g. This is the last chance that you have.

　　This is the very thing that I lost yesterday.

　　This is the first thing that he wants to do.

　　You are the only friend that we have.

　　He is the last person that Tom wants to see.

　　He has told the police all that he knew.

   　★ 前面已经有疑问词who或许which时

　　E.g. Who that knows him will trust him?

　　Which of these trains is the one that goes to Nanjing?

　　Which is the bike that you have lost?

　　★ 兼指人和物/事物时

　　E.g. The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.

　　Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the bridge.

　　在下列状况中则多用which。如：

　　★ 离先行词较远时

　　He told me the story of the craftsman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.

　　★ those + 复数名词 之后

　　You should buy one of those clothes which sell best.

　　★ which比较正式，非正式英语中也能够用that

　　Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort.

　　★ 描述性定语从句一般用which

　　Beijing, which was China's capital foe more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.

　　as, than, but也能够用作联系代词。如：

　　★ The project was completed on time, as was expected before.(联系代词as在定语从句顶用作主语，其先行词是前面的整个句子)

　　★ They have never met such things as he met.(联系代词as与指示代词连用，在定语从句顶用作宾语，其先行词是such things)

　　★ Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered.(联系代词than在定语从句顶用作宾语，其先行词是social phenomena)

　　★ There are very few but admire his talents.(联系代词but在从句顶用作主语，其先行词是few, but= who don't)

　　用作关联词的联系副词有where, when, why等，when在定语从句顶用作时刻状语，其先行词是表时刻的名词。如：

　　★ Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.(联系副词when的先行词是the time)

　　since, before, after, as也能够用作表时刻的联系副词。如：

　　★ At exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in western societies.(as用作联系副词)

　　★ Every day since she came has been most enjoyable.(since用作联系副词)

　　★ On the day before the war broke out he was born.(before用作联系副词)

　　★ The year after she left school she spent abroad.(after用作联系副词)

　　where在定语从句顶用作地址状语，其先行词是表地址的名词。如：

　　★ I know the place where we can have a talk.

　　★ The zoo is an ideal research centre where scientists can experiment on animals to find out the causes of some disease and develop effective cures.

　　where的先行词能够是有地址意义的抽象名词。如：

　　★ He has reached a point where a change is needed.(where的先行词point是抽象名词)

　　why在定语从句顶用作原因状语，其先行词只要reason。如：

　　★ That is the reason why he set up his own business.(why的先行词是reason)

　　★ The company refused to disclose the reason why he left.(why的先行词是reason)

有时候why能够省去。如：

　　★ The reason he came here is obvious.(reason后边省去why)

　　有时候why能够用that代替。如：

　　★ The reason that he failed was lack of patience.(why由that代替)

　　联系副词 = 介词 + which(联系代词)

　　where = in/at which; when = in/at which; why = for which

　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。考生注意，限制性定语从句与先行词联系密切，对它有限制性效果，因而不行短少，假如省去，会使主句的意思不完整、不明确。限制性定语从句前面一般不必逗号。如：

　　★ The man who was driving the car was drunk.

　　★ The speech which was made by the Minister made his supporters delighted.

　　★ The police told us that he was the only person that was suspected.

　　★ This is the place where the three roads meet.

　　★ I shall never forget the day when she was born.

　　★ The reason why he was late was unknown.

　　★ The house whose windows are broken is Mr. A's.

　　非限制性定语从句也称为描述性定语从句。非限制性定语从句只与先行词有一种松懈的润饰联系，在白话顶用中止的办法表明，在书面语顶用逗号分隔。因而从句中的联系代词不能省掉。that一般不引导非限制性定语从句。如：

　　★ Water, which is a clear liquid, is the giver and taker of life.

　　★ They gave up the plan, which was a very good one.