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   　I 语法方式上共同

　　(1)奇数的名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词短语或从从句作主语时，谓语动词用奇数。

　　What I hate most is telling lies.

　　To become a doctor is his ambition.

　　Whether she comes or not is of no matter·

　　[注]“what”引导的从句作主语，假如它后边的表语是复数方式，谓语动词亦可以用复数。

　　What I said is right.

　　What we need badly here are doctors.

　　(2)由"and"衔接并排主语时：

　　Swimming in the summer and skating in the winter are my hobbies

　　In the city are to be found both the most renowned scholar and the scoundrels(无赖)

　　a block and tackle(滑轮组);the needle and thread(针线);brandy and soda(掺苏列日兰地);sale and water(盐水);law and order(法令次序);a cup and saucer(茶杯碟子); the ebb and flow (盛衰; 涨落); the rope and pulley (滑轮绳子)

　　watch and chain(有表链的手表);soap and water(肥皂水);etc。

　　There is my watch and chain on the dressing-table.

　　[注]若“and”后边的名词前有冠词或物主代词润饰，谓语动词用复数形似。

　　The bread and the butter are on sale.

　　3) 由“and”衔接的并排奇数主语前有“each, every, no , many a ”等润饰时，谓语动词用奇数方式。

　　Many a boy and many a girl in the class has seen this film.

　　No teacher and no student is present.

　　It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.

　　5)注意在某些成语里的主谓共同：

　　Time and tide wait for no man.(年月不留人。)

　　Truth and honesty is the best policy.(诚实为上策。)

　　Gossiping and lying go together.(谣言离不开扯谎。)

　　Joy and sorrow are next-door neighbors.(乐极生悲。)

　　Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.(测验和失利同是学识之源。)

　　Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.

　　(3)奇数主语+以下短语时，谓语动词仍用奇数方式。

　　这些短语为："as well as;no less than;rather than;more than;but;except;besides;with;along with;together with;like;including;in addition to;accompanied by;as much as;etc.”

　　A mother as well as her children is getting on a bus.

　　His sister no less than you is clever.(跟你相同，他的妹妹很聪明。)

　　The manage，rather than the clerks，is responsible for this matter.

　　Mary，along with her manager and some friends，is going to a party tonight.

　　In order to grow well，the Blue Spruce，like other pine trees，requires a temperate climate.

　　Neither of us has anything to say.

　　Something has gone wrong with the bike.

　　Nobody but he is so selfish.(除他之外，谁也不是这样自私。)

　　No one but fools has ever believed it.(除了傻瓜，谁也不会信任它。)

　　It may be said that in some countries—each of the citizens helps to decide government policy.

       (5)由关系代词"who，that，which"引导的定语从句中的主谓共同

　　Those of us who smoke should have our lungs X-rayed regularly.

　　One of the books which are written by him is very popular.

　　Ⅱ.主谓就近共同

　　谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持共同。

　　(1)倒装句的主谓就近共同：

　　Where is your father and younger brothers?

　　In the distance was heard the applause of the people，the shouts and clapping of hands.

　　Never before have so many people been there.

　　(2)由连词"or，either… or ，neither…nor，whether or，not only…but also，nor"等衔接的两个名词，其谓语要与毗连最近的主语在数上保持共同。

　　What he does or what he says makes me angry.

　　He didn’t say whether some English novels or an English dictionary was wanted.

　　(3)用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名、机构名称等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用奇数方式。

　　The United Nations was formed in 1945.

　　The Daily News says it’s going to snow.

　　The Thirty nine steps was written by John Buchan.

　　(4)表明总称含义的名词作主语时，谓语用复数。

　　这类名词主要有："cattle，clergy，folk，mankind，militia，people，police，poultry，staff，youth，etc.

　　The military are out in search of the thieves.

　　The cattle are selling for record price this year.

　　(5)集体名词作主语时，如指全体概念，谓语用奇数;如指详细成员，谓语用复数。

　　这类名词主要有：“public，class，family, club，crew，team，audience，committee，group，population，government，crowd, company.”

　　The audience was enormous.

　　The audience were greatly moved at the words.

　　The committee meets twice a month.

　　The committee are having a meeting.

　　The government have never made discussions in a hurry.

　　The government is doing its best to boost(促进)the production.

　　One-third of population in this country live in the mountain.

　　The population of the country has increased by 40 percent in a period of fifty years.

　　(6)形复意单名词，谓语用奇数。这类名词主要有：

　　①表明学科的：

　　“mathematics，politics，physics，mechanics，statistics，aeronautics，genetics，optics，electronics，acoustics, economics，etc.”

　　Physics deals with matter and motion.[但：His physics(物理成绩)are quite good.]

　　Statistics is a branch of mathematics.[但：These statistics(统计数字)show that exports are still low.]

　　Acoustics is one of the important subjects he is going to study at college.[但The acoustics(音响效果).of this hall are excellent.]

       ②表明疾病的：

　　“arthritis(关节炎)，diabetes(糖尿病)，appendicitis(阑尾炎)，measles(麻疹)，mumps(腮腺炎)，etc.

　　Diabetes(糖尿病)is a common disease.

　　Mumps(腮腺炎)is an unpleasant ailment(疾病).

　　Measles(麻疹)is a disease to take seriously.

　　③其它的“s”结尾的奇数名词：“news，works，means"等。

　　The news lasts ten minutes.

　　“nuclei(奇数为nucleus，原子核);formulae(formula，公式);phenomena(phenomenon，现象);media (medium，介质);criteria(criterion，规范);vermin(单复数相同，寄生虫);etc.”

　　These vermin do much harm to the poultry.

　　Bacter of the harmful kind cause disease.

　　(8)“The+形容词”表明一类人或事物时，谓语一般用复数。

　　The lost have been found.

　　The young are interested in pop music.

　　Ⅳ.有关共同的其它问题

　　①非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句的主语保持共同。

　　Returning to my office，I found my key missing.

　　To be a teacher of the people，one must first be their pupil.

　　②名词与代词的共同：

　　Working with computers is the best way to learn their capabilities.

　　The electrical properties of semiconductors depend on very much on their purity.

　　③反意疑问句的助动词与主句谓语动词的共同：

　　I am a student，am not I?

　　This is the third time this week he has been late，isn’t it?

　　④平行结构中的共同：

　　Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and avoiding sugar in your diet.

　　We asked the department store manager to show us a gift that was inexpensive，useful，and looked nice.

　　Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students.