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       READING STRATEGIES AND SKILLS

　　This course will give you the opportunity to develop and practice reading strategies and skills which can be applied to all forms of IELTS tests. The strategies and skills you will practice are as follows:

　　1.Predicting

　　2.Skimming

　　3.Scanning

　　4.Detailed reading

　　5.Guessing unknown words

　　6.Understanding main ideas

　　7.Inferring

　　8.Understanding text organization

　　9.Assessing a writer’s purpose

　　10.Evaluating a writer’s attitude.

　　1 Predicting

　　Before you read a text in detail, it is possible to predict what information you may find in it. You will probably have some knowledge of the subject already, and you can use this knowledge to help you anticipate what a reading text contains. After looking at the title, for example, you can ask yourself what you know and do not know about the subject before you read the text. Or you can formulate questions that you would like to have answered by reading the text. These exercises will help you focus more effectively on the ideas in a text when you actually start reading.

　　To help you predict, you may also use skimming and scanning strategies as described below.

　   2 Skimming

　　Skimming involves reading quickly through a text to get an overall idea of its contents. Features of the text that can help you include the following:

　　(a) Title

　　(b) Sub-title(s)

　　(c) Details about the author

　　(d) Abstract

　　(e) Introductory paragraph

　　(f) First, second and last sentences of following paragraphs

　　(g) Concluding paragraph

　　A text may not contain all of these features - there may be no abstract, for example, and no sub-titles - but you can usually expect to find at least (a), (e), (f) and (g). Focusing on these will give you an understanding of the overall idea or gist of the text you are reading - in other words, a general understanding as opposed to a detailed reading.

　　Another term for this kind of reading is surveying. Surveying can be described as looking quickly through a book, chapter of a book, article from a journal, etc., to decide whether or not it is suitable for your purpose. To decide whether or not a text is suitable, especially if it is a book, you will also need to focus on the following features in addition to those mentioned above:

　　(a) Edition and date of publication

　　(b) Table of contents

　　(c) Foreword

　　(d) Introduction

　　(e) Index

　　3 Scanning

　　When you scan a text, again you look quickly through it. However, unlike skimming, scanning involves looking for specific words, scanning involves rapid reading for the specific rather than the general; for particular details rather than the overall idea. When you read a text, for example, you may want to find only a percentage figure or the dates of particular historical events instead of the main ideas. Scanning will help you find such information more efficiently.

      4 Detailed reading

　　A second and third reading of a text will also focus on the secondary ideas and details which support, explain and develop the main ideas. This can be described as a more comprehensive reading. It involves a slower and more careful reading process. At this stage you can also try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary.

　　5 Guessing unknown words

　　It is unlikely that you will understand 100 percent of the vocabulary in a text, especially at a first reading. Use first the context and then your own knowledge of the subject to help you guess the meaning of unknown words. At your first reading of a text it is usually best not to stop and consult your dictionary. This will interrupt your process of reading and understanding. often the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases becomes clear as you continue to read through the text. The dictionary can be used at a later stage.

　　In using the context to help you guess unknown vocabulary, you can refer first to immediate context and then to the wider context in which a word is found. The immediate context is the sentence in which a word is found, and sometimes the sentences immediately before and after this. The wider context can include other sentences and even other paragraphs in a text. Both forms of context can often provide important information which help you guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.